Which psychologist is most associated with the view that gender differences are largely shaped by culture?

Which psychologist is most associated with the view that gender differences are largely shaped by culture?

• A. Freud
• B. Horney
• C. Jung
• D. Adler

Answer: (B)

The idea being tested is that gender differences are largely shaped by culture and socialization. Karen Horney is closely linked to this view because she argued that cultural expectations and the way children are raised create and reinforce masculine and feminine roles. She emphasized that many differences attributed to gender arise from the social environment, not just biology, and she suggested that women’s feelings of inferiority are largely the result of patriarchal cultural constraints rather than innate deficiencies. In contrast, Freud concentrated on biological drives and psychosexual development, Jung emphasized innate archetypes and the collective unconscious, and Adler focused on social interest and individual striving within a broader personality framework without centering gender differences on cultural shaping to the same extent.

The idea being tested is that gender differences are largely shaped by culture and socialization. Karen Horney is closely linked to this view because she argued that cultural expectations and the way children are raised create and reinforce masculine and feminine roles. She emphasized that many differences attributed to gender arise from the social environment, not just biology, and she suggested that women’s feelings of inferiority are largely the result of patriarchal cultural constraints rather than innate deficiencies.

In contrast, Freud concentrated on biological drives and psychosexual development, Jung emphasized innate archetypes and the collective unconscious, and Adler focused on social interest and individual striving within a broader personality framework without centering gender differences on cultural shaping to the same extent.